A US fusion company has demonstrated a new way of converting energy from a fusion plasma directly into electricity, while separate work on advanced electrical conductors could dramatically reduce the amount of power lost as heat, highlighting how the clean energy challenge is increasingly about efficiency as well as generation.
A Fusion First
Realta Fusion, a Wisconsin-based company developing compact fusion energy systems, says it has become the first private fusion company to demonstrate direct energy conversion from a fusion plasma.
The experiment took place on 19 June using the Wisconsin HTS Axisymmetric Mirror (WHAM), an experimental fusion device operated in collaboration with the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Researchers attached a prototype direct energy converter to one end of the device, where it captured energy from charged particles leaving the plasma and converted some of their movement directly into an electrical current.
According to Realta Fusion, the system produced multiple amps at around 100 volts, providing enough electricity to illuminate several light bulbs.
The amount of power produced was small, but the importance of the experiment lies in how the electricity was generated. Realta describes the process as “converting the energy of a fusion plasma manifesting in the form of moving charged particles directly into electricity – real amps of electric current flowing in circuits employed to do useful work.”
Why Direct Conversion Matters
Most power stations generate electricity indirectly. Whether the original energy comes from coal, gas, nuclear fission or some future fusion reactors, heat is generally used to produce steam, which then drives a turbine connected to a generator.
Every stage introduces energy losses, which means a substantial proportion of the original energy never reaches the electricity grid.
However, direct energy conversion offers a different possibility. Instead of turning all the energy from a fusion reaction into heat before producing electricity, some of the energy carried by charged particles can potentially be captured directly.
Realta believes this could be particularly useful in its magnetic mirror fusion reactors, where powerful magnets confine extremely hot plasma between two high-field superconducting magnets. Some charged particles naturally escape through the ends of the system, creating an opportunity to recover their energy.
The company explains that “by directly converting fusion plasma power into electricity, we can push less of the energy through a thermal cycle that has inherent efficiency limits due to the laws of thermodynamics.”
Recycling Energy Inside The Reactor
Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the technology is that Realta doesn’t simply want to send the recovered electricity to the grid.
Fusion reactors themselves require substantial amounts of power to heat and sustain their plasma. Realta’s longer-term aim is to recover enough electricity through direct energy conversion to help meet those internal requirements, effectively recycling some of the energy within the power plant.
The company compares the idea with a hybrid vehicle, where a conventional powertrain and electrical system work together to improve overall efficiency.
Realta says: “We believe we can generate enough electricity using DEC in our design points to completely cover the input power requirement of the system for continuous operation, leaving the heat component for either direct use or the generation of electricity for customers.”
If that can be achieved at commercial scale, direct energy conversion could improve the economics of fusion by reducing the amount of electricity a reactor must consume simply to keep operating.
An Important Reality Check
Despite the significance of the experiment, it is important to be clear about what Realta has and has not demonstrated. WHAM is currently just a prototype-scale device using deuterium fuel rather than the deuterium-tritium mixture planned for Realta’s first commercial fusion reactors. As a result, most of the energy recovered in this experiment came from energy originally supplied to heat and sustain the plasma rather than energy newly produced by fusion reactions.
Realta itself is careful to make this distinction, stating that “this is neither a demonstration of net-electricity production nor large-scale conversion of fusion-born power directly into electricity.”
The challenge now is essentially how to scale things up. The prototype has demonstrated the principle, but Realta must develop the technology from its current output to kilowatts and eventually megawatts if it is to become part of a commercial power plant.
The company summarises its approach as “first make it work, then make it good”, acknowledging that a considerable engineering challenge remains between powering a few light bulbs and contributing meaningfully to the operation of a fusion power station.
Wasting Less Electricity On The Grid
While Realta is trying to improve how future clean energy is generated and reused, California start-up Arcturus is tackling another part of the electricity problem by trying to reduce the amount of energy lost during transmission.
Electrical conductors naturally resist the flow of current and produce heat. These losses become particularly important as electricity demand increases and power grids are required to carry greater loads.
Arcturus is developing copper and aluminium conductors infused with carbon nanomaterials using lasers. The aim is to create metals that conduct electricity more efficiently, particularly at higher temperatures, without requiring the equipment around them to be completely redesigned.
The company believes that replacing conventional conductors with its materials could potentially halve electrical grid losses, which could make significantly more electricity available without building additional generation capacity.
However, the technology remains at a much earlier stage than widespread grid deployment. Arcturus has so far produced relatively short lengths of its material and plans to scale production for testing in applications such as electric motors and power distribution equipment.
Efficiency Is Becoming As Important As Generation
These two developments are very different, but they highlight the same fundamental challenge. The transition to cleaner energy is not simply about generating more electricity. Electrification, AI data centres, electric vehicles and industrial decarbonisation are increasing demand at the same time as many electricity grids are already struggling with capacity constraints.
That makes every avoidable energy loss increasingly important. A fusion plant that can recycle more of its own energy could deliver electricity more efficiently, while better conductors could allow more of that electricity to reach the businesses and homes that need it.
What Does This Mean For Your Business?
Neither fusion direct energy conversion nor nano-infused power cables will transform business energy costs in the immediate future, as both technologies still face significant engineering and commercial challenges.
However, they demonstrate how innovation across the entire energy system could help address rising electricity demand. The future energy transition will depend not only on renewable generation and new technologies such as fusion, but also on reducing losses within power stations, data centres, industrial equipment and electricity networks.
For businesses, particularly those operating energy-intensive facilities, this means energy efficiency is likely to become an increasingly important area of technological innovation and investment. Improvements that once appeared relatively small can become economically significant when applied across factories, data centres and national electricity networks.
The wider message here is that solving the clean energy challenge will require many more improvements at every stage, from the way power is generated to the materials carrying it across the grid. Realta Fusion and Arcturus may be examples of organisations working at very different points in that chain, but both are really pursuing the same valuable goal of getting more useful electricity from the energy and infrastructure already available.
